Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

Insular Government
of the Philippine Islands
*Islas Filipinas Estadounidenses* (Spanish)
Insular Government; of the Philippine Islands Islas Filipinas Estadounidenses (Spanish)
1902–1935
	Flag of the United States; Flag of the Philippines; (1920–1935) Coat of arms; (1905–1935)
	Anthems: "Hail, Columbia" (until 1931); ; "The Star-Spangled Banner"(from 1931) ; "The Philippine Hymn" ;
	1921 map of the Philippine Islands
Status	Unincorporated and organized United States territory
Capital and largest city	Manila
Official languages	English • Spanish
Common languages	Philippine languages • Hokkien
Religion (1910)	78.7% Catholicism; 21.3% other
Demonym(s)	Filipino; Philippine Islander; (uncommon); Philippine; (used for certain common nouns)
Government	Devolved presidential dependency
President
• 1902–1909	Theodore Roosevelt
• 1909–1913	William Howard Taft
• 1913–1921	Woodrow Wilson
• 1921–1923	Warren G. Harding
• 1923–1929	Calvin Coolidge
• 1929–1933	Herbert Hoover
• 1933–1935	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Governor-General
• 1902–1904	William Howard Taft
• 1913–1921	Francis B. Harrison
• 1921–1927	Leonard Wood
• 1927-1929	Henry L. Stimson
• 1929–1932	Dwight F. Davis
• 1933–1935	Frank Murphy
Legislature	Philippine Legislature
• Upper house	Philippine Commission; (1902–1916); Senate; (1916–1935)
• Lower house	Philippine Assembly; (1907–1916); House of Representatives; (1916–1935)
History
• Philippine Organic Act	July 1, 1902
• Jones Law	August 29, 1916
• Tydings–McDuffie Act	November 15, 1935
Area
1903	297,916 km2 (115,026 sq mi)
1918	296,296 km2 (114,401 sq mi)
Population
• 1903	7,635,426
• 1918	10,350,640
Currency	Philippine peso (₱)
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (PST)
Driving side	left
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	U.S. Military Government of the Philippine Islands
	First Philippine Republic
Commonwealth of the Philippines

The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands^[6] (Spanish: Islas Filipinas Estadounidenses^[7]) was an unincorporated territory of the United States that was established in 1902 and was reorganized in 1935 in preparation for later independence.^[8]^[9]^[10] The Insular Government was preceded by the United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

The Philippines were acquired from Spain by the United States in 1898 following the Spanish–American War. Resistance led to the Philippine–American War, in which the United States suppressed the nascent First Philippine Republic. In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which organized the government and served as its basic law. This act provided for a governor-general appointed by the president of the United States, as well as a bicameral Philippine Legislature with the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house and a fully elected, fully Filipino elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. The Internal Revenue Law of 1904 provided for general internal revenue taxes, documentary taxes and transfer of livestock. A wide variety of revenue stamps were issued in denominations ranging from one centavo to 20,000 pesos.

The term "insular" refers to the fact that the government operated under the authority of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. Puerto Rico also had an insular government at this time. From 1901 to 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court wrestled with the constitutional status of these governments in the Insular Cases.^[11] In Dorr v. United States (1904), the court ruled that Filipinos did not have a constitutional right to trial by jury.^[11] In the Philippines itself, the term "insular" had limited usage. On banknotes, postage stamps, and the coat of arms, the government referred to itself simply as the "Philippine Islands".

The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was replaced in 1916 by the Jones Law, which ended the Philippine Commission and provided for both houses of the Philippine Legislature to be elected. In 1935, the Insular Government was replaced by the Commonwealth. Commonwealth status was intended to last ten years, during which the country would be prepared for independence.

^ "Act No. 2928, March 26, 1920". March 26, 1920 – via Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.
^ "The Global Catholic Population". February 13, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Brewer, Isaac Williams (1906). Notes on the vital statistics of the Philippine census of 1903. [Philadelphia. p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Census of the Philippine Islands taken under the direction of the Philippine Legislature in the year 1918. University of Connecticut Libraries. Manila, Bureau of printing. 1920.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Section 60 of the Revised Motor Vehicle Law, Act No. 3992 "Drive on Left Side of Road. — Unless a different cause of action is required in the interest of the safety and security of life, person, or property, or because of unreasonable difficulty of operation in compliance herewith, every person operating a motor vehicle or guiding an animal drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to the left when meeting persons or vehicles coming toward him, and to the right when overtaking persons or vehicles going the same direction, and, when turning to the right in going from one highway into another, every vehicle shall be conducted to the left of the center of the intersection of the highways."
^ This form of the name appeared in the titles of U.S. Supreme Court cases, but was otherwise rarely used. See Costas v. Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, 221 U.S. 623, 1911. The Administrative Code of the Philippine Islands of 1917 gives the formal name of the state as either "Insular Government" or "Government of the Philippine Islands" (p. 5).
^ see, for example, the Spanish version of Law No. 1290, as published in Leyes públicas aprobadas por la Comisión en Filipinas durante el periodo del 1 de Septiembre de 1904 al 31 de Agosto de 1905 comprende desde la ley no. 1226 hasta la no. 1381, inclusive
^ Ooi 2004, p. 387.
^ Zaide 1994, p. 319.
^ Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935), Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.
^ ^a ^b "Insular Cases," Dictionary of American History, 2003.

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[1] "Act No. 2928, March 26, 1920". March 26, 1920 – via Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.

[4] "The Global Catholic Population". February 13, 2013.

[1903Census-5] Brewer, Isaac Williams (1906). Notes on the vital statistics of the Philippine census of 1903. [Philadelphia. p. 1.

[1918Census-6] Census of the Philippine Islands taken under the direction of the Philippine Legislature in the year 1918. University of Connecticut Libraries. Manila, Bureau of printing. 1920.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[driving_side_provision-7] Section 60 of the Revised Motor Vehicle Law, Act No. 3992 "Drive on Left Side of Road. — Unless a different cause of action is required in the interest of the safety and security of life, person, or property, or because of unreasonable difficulty of operation in compliance herewith, every person operating a motor vehicle or guiding an animal drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to the left when meeting persons or vehicles coming toward him, and to the right when overtaking persons or vehicles going the same direction, and, when turning to the right in going from one highway into another, every vehicle shall be conducted to the left of the center of the intersection of the highways."

[SCC-8] This form of the name appeared in the titles of U.S. Supreme Court cases, but was otherwise rarely used. See Costas v. Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, 221 U.S. 623, 1911. The Administrative Code of the Philippine Islands of 1917 gives the formal name of the state as either "Insular Government" or "Government of the Philippine Islands" (p. 5).

[9] see, for example, the Spanish version of Law No. 1290, as published in Leyes públicas aprobadas por la Comisión en Filipinas durante el periodo del 1 de Septiembre de 1904 al 31 de Agosto de 1905 comprende desde la ley no. 1226 hasta la no. 1381, inclusive

[FOOTNOTEOoi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCdq15novemberpgPA387_387]-10] Ooi 2004, p. 387.

[FOOTNOTEZaide1994319-11] Zaide 1994, p. 319.

[12] Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935), Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.

[insularcases-13] "Insular Cases," Dictionary of American History, 2003.

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